Proscenium Stages

The basic proscenium stage is a rectangular box. Most stagecraft textbooks show this rectangular form. The rectangular form looks simple, but is actually tricky to plan because there is so little space in which to coordinate all the technical stuff. The rectangular stage plan can be improved with simple variations.

Rigging

Two thirds of all stages in the US have the rigging on the Stage Right side, one third have the rigging on the Stage Left side. In our projects we recommend that the rigging should be located on the Stage Right side unless there is some compelling reason to put it on the wrong side.

Doors

"Pass doors" are doors through the proscenium wall that allow staff to "pass" from the stage to the house privately, easily and quickly during working hours. The staff members who use these doors are not normally actors or stagehands. The pass doors are used by directors, designers, producers and other "management" staff. One pass door is usually located on each side of the proscenium wall. It is best that the pass doors have no other use, that is they are not a legal means of egress for the house or the stage. In architectural language these are "communicating doors" only. These doors are always used in a hurry so they should not be labyrinthian. The pass doors must be accessible or an equivalent parallel accessible path of travel must be provided.

Building codes usually require a legal means of egress on each side of the stage. These legal means of egress are not the pass doors.

The stage needs one loading door as a minimum, and sometimes more. Loading doors may lead directly to the exterior, or preferably to a loading bay. Loading doors that lead directly to the exterior let in noise and weather even when they're closed. Loading door size depends entirely on the needs of the users, and is too variable to discuss here.

Large scenery doors are slow and difficult to open and there are times during rehearsal and performance when they shouldn't be opened. Therefore each loading door needs to be flanked by a personnel door. We don't know of a legal way to place a personnel door in a loading door.

Doors should not be placed on the back wall of the stage between the batten ends for obvious reasons: Within the length of the battens the doors would be covered by scenery. The back wall is very tempting as a location for the loading door, but should be avoided. It is likely that a lot of scenery and lighting is located immediately downstage of the back wall. This would include the ground row in a production with a cyclorama or might be a two-story unit or backings for a box set. In any case, it is likely that the cost of removing the upstage scenery and lighting to gain access to an upstage loading door would be very high. Locating the loading door up center is a mistake.

At this point one begins to appreciate that most of the stage is not available for doors. The proscenium opening is not available, the rigging wall is not available, the proscenium walls left and right of the opening are not available, and the upstage wall within the batten length is not available. This leaves the left and right ends of the rear wall and the side wall opposite the rigging as the only locations available for doors. The structural engineer usually needs the corners of the stage house to be filled with structure, so there are limits on how far doors, especially the big loading door, can be pushed toward the corners.

The Crossover

Niches and Closets

Almost any "department" should have a niche. A "department" is one of the classic divisions of stagecraft, such as stage management, rigging, props, carpentry, electrics, special effects or sound. A carpenter's niche would have readily accessible tools, stepladders, and spare parts. The property department is not only responsible for props, they are responsible for all cleaning and for all food used onstage. A prop niche would include locked storage, a mop sink, and space for cleaning equipment. An electric department niche would include cables, lamps, color frames, repair tools, and perhaps the lighting control computer and a few electricians. A sound niche would include locked microphone storage, cables, microphone stands, and perhaps the onstage sound mix location. Such niches provide a way for these services to be immediately available to the stage without being in harms way.

Company switches -- the electrical disconnects that feed big portable electrical equipment such as sound, lights, welders, motors, projections, smoke machines and special effects -- are physically very big themselves. Company switches are usually not good neighbors, that is they want to be removed a little from other stage occupants. Company switches should remain lighted at all times through the performance. Company switches are usually accompanied by huge piles of heavy feeder cables. The company switches can't be elsewhere, they must be on the stage. Some building codes require that company switches must be on the same level of the stage as the devices they serve, for safety reasons. For all these reasons it is highly desirable to create a niche for the company switches. Otherwise they will be in the way.

Orchestra Shell Storage

Piano Storage

More controversial topics include how close the storage needs to be located to the stage and whether or not it needs to have independent climate control. Proximity to the stage usually depends on competing demands for space. The piano storage space should be "as close as possible" to the stage, as interpreted appropriately for each project.

Ideally the piano storage space is climate conditioned. The stage may receive no air conditioning, heating, or humidity control for long periods of time, sometimes weeks or months. Musical instruments do not take that kind of treatment very well. An instrument could bust a sounding board, become untunable, or worse if not kept in stable climate conditions. The need for climate control in the piano storage area depends completely on the type of institution that owns and manages the building, on the value of the instruments to be stored, and on the type of climate control provided for the stage. In a conservatory where the whole stage is conditioned for musical instruments 365 days a year, the need for additional treatment for the storage areas is small. But in a "road house", where the stage will be completely un-conditioned for extended periods and may be rented to hoodlums, the need for independent climate control of a secure instrument storage area is clear.

Organ Storage

The rule with organ storage is to assume nothing, to find out the requirements of the particular organ that will be purchased, and build the organ spaces exactly to suit the needs of that organ. The planning of theater organs is highly inflexible relative to other planning concerns. Unfortunately the owner frequently does not have an organ decision available when the building is being planned, and then the planning of proper accommodations for the organ is impossible.

Stairs

We avoid ladders. Ship's ladders are no longer legal. "Alternating tread" stairs have a small devoted following but most people find them impossible to use, so we avoid them.

We avoid circular stairs. Gene Kelly movies show circular stairs backstage so many people assume circular stairs are desirable. Circular stairs look good in movies, but are tortuous and impossibly inconvenient. It is hard to carry anything up or down a circular stair. A 70' climb in a circular stair will make you dizzy. And lastly, with a few exceptions, circular stairs are not legal in a means of egress, and so circular stairs cannot be used as the only means of egress from the upper levels of the stage. A separate legal means of egress would need to be provided.

The Arbor Pit

This all sounds like hocus pocus until one takes the time to lay out the rigging both ways and compare the differences. An arbor pit has the same effect on the high trim as raising the stage house roof, and it's a lot cheaper. Arbor pits are not recent inventions, but still many people haven't heard of them. Arbor pits are sort of invisible. Arbor pits are mainstream stage technology today. Most new theaters have single purchase rigging and have an arbor pit.

Side Stages and Rear Stages

Side and rear stages have uses outside opera as well. When the Roundabout theater company was in their 23^rd street location they had a full rear stage. On their rear stage they built and rehearsed their next production while the current production played downstage. On the changeover day they demolished the current production and dragged the complete next production downstage losing minimal dark days between productions, then started the cycle over. This was very efficient.

The last two examples are conceptually simple, with auxiliary stages being used for whole stage sets. The more frequent, more important, and less well known uses are much more subtle and unpredictable. Every production at some time needs to "lose" something big. Maybe it's a life-size aluminum elephant (Pennsylvania Ballet), or the first act set, or maybe it's the chorus or the road boxes. A side stage or rear stage is the place to lose stuff. Some productions need extreme depth beyond what a normal stage can provide. This depth may be for scenic projections or for "reveals" or for some extreme perspective effect. A rear stage provides the depth to do these things without the expense of building the fly tower all the way back to the uptage wall of the rear stage.

Many productions need appearances of large things. In The Magic Flute a mountain must appear. Side and rear stages provide the means to surprise the audience with the appearance of something really big. This is the "How did they get that in here?" effect. It also saves money when the scenery can be stored whole rather than being disassembled to fit an inadequate storage space and then reassembled again later the same day.

The Offstage Room

Batten Length

In theaters where one production will play for years and the highest priority is flexibility of design, the battens should be short, perhaps extending only 4' or less offstage of the opening. The advantage of short battens is that they can be brought in to the floor INSIDE fixed scenery and equipment such as tabs, booms, light ladders, and side scenery walls without striking them. The disadvantage is that these short battens often must be supplemented or extended to support legs and longer scenery. In a sit-down production, such as on Broadway, spotting extra lines and pipes for legs and long scenery is customary, and the design flexibility this method yields is needed and expected.

In theaters where different productions will come and go every day the highest priority is lowering the cost of moving the scenery in and out, so the kind of flexibility required is the ability to accommodate many different types of scenery quickly. In these in-and-out quick theaters the battens should be long, extending as much as 12' or more past the opening. The advantage of long battens is that the crew seldom needs to stop what they're doing to extend a batten to accept long scenery or long masking pieces. The disadvantage is that more often battens can't be brought to the floor because their ends are blocked by offstage equipment such as lighting towers, offstage scenery, speakers, tabs, and backings.

Most theaters do a combination of both sit-down long term bookings and short bookings, so we normally recommend that battens extend roughly 8' past the opening. This medium length is optimum where one doesn't know what type of scenery will come in the door next. These battens can be extended when needed, supplemented with offstage battens when needed, cut off with difficulty when needed, and are not so long that they get in the way all the time. The european standard is to use much shorter battens. Some opera companies rig the ends of their light pipes on separate arbors so they can choose on a moment's notice whether or not to bring the batten ends in to the floor without cutting or re-rigging them.

Proscenium Width and Height

The proscenium opening should be as high as possible, without limit. Of course the fire curtain should still work, if there is one, but we find no benefit in lowering the architectural opening, there is only benefit in raising it.

The grid should be as high as possible, without limit. Most commercial stages in the US have gridirons that are more than 70' above the finished stage floor. The roof is normally about 12' higher.

The proscenium width should fit exactly the needs of the performing company. A proscenium opening that is too wide causes as much harm as an opening that is too narrow.

The stage house should be as wide as possible, without limit. It is never desirable to make the stage house narrower.

The stage should be as deep as possible, without limit. It is never desirable to make the stage shallower.

One thought experiment, actually built in some theaters, is that there doesn't need be a proscenium wall at all. Imagine a house that does not get narrower as it meets the stage and that is fitted at the stage with a "proscenium opening protective" that provides the required fire rating between the house and stage with no wall. If one can build a theater without a proscenium wall why would anyone want to introduce an obstruction (the wall) that just limits the freedom of the directors and designers? Theaters have been built with no proscenium wall, but that's not the end of the story. Many theaters don't need the possibility of an 80' wide by 80' high connection between the house and stage, and many artistic directors want to work inside a proscenium opening.

What emerges is that the stage and proscenium sizes are artistic and stylistic decisions more than they are technical decisions, and should be derived carefully after considering the ambitions of the directors and designers as much as the budget and the site. Stagehouse and proscenium sizes should not be copied out of a textbook nor be driven by a technical rule-of-thumb.

Obstructions